Jun 1, 2012
Apr 23, 2012
KISS
KISS of Medicine :
1. Kissing Lesion -> DONOVANOSIS
2. Kissing VIRUS-> EBV( Ebstien Baar Virus)
3. kissing Tumor-> Bladder Pappiloma
4. Kiss Peptide-> GnRH
5. Kissing diseasse -> infectious mononucleosis
6. Kissing tonsils-> grade4 hypertrophied tonsils
1. Kissing Lesion -> DONOVANOSIS
2. Kissing VIRUS-> EBV( Ebstien Baar Virus)
3. kissing Tumor-> Bladder Pappiloma
4. Kiss Peptide-> GnRH
5. Kissing diseasse -> infectious mononucleosis
6. Kissing tonsils-> grade4 hypertrophied tonsils
Murmurs
There is 'I' in the word 'RIGHT'.. So right sided murmurs are better heard during Inspiration.
There is 'E' in the word 'LEFT'.. So left sided murmurs are better heard during Expiration.
There is 'E' in the word 'LEFT'.. So left sided murmurs are better heard during Expiration.
Apr 10, 2012
Apr 9, 2012
Revision for OSPE
FIBROADENOMA
-grow as spherical nodules
-sharply circumscribed
-freely movable in the surrounding breast substance
-vary in size from less than 1 cm in diameter to large tumors that can replace most of the breast.
Grossly, the tumors are
1)well-circumscribed,
2)rubbery,
3)grayish white nodules that bulge above the surrounding tissue
4)contain slitlike spaces.
The stroma
-delicate,
-cellular,
-myxoid,
-resembling intralobular stroma, -enclosing glandular and cystic spaces lined by epithelium.
-The epithelium may be surrounded by stroma or compressed and distorted by it
-In older women, the stroma typically becomes densely hyalinized and the epithelium atrophic
LEIOMYOMA
-sharply circumscribed
-discrete, round, firm,
-gray-white tumors varying in size from small, barely visible nodules to massive tumors that fill the pelvis.
-are found within the myometrium of the corpus
-infrequently do they involve the uterine ligaments, lower uterine segment, or cervix.
-(intramural),
-(submucosal)
-(subserosal).
-characteristic whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles on cut section
-Large tumors may develop areas of yellow-brown to red softening (red degeneration).
histologic examination,
-composed of whorled bundles of smooth muscle cells that resemble the uninvolved myometrium
-individual muscle cells are
1)uniform in size and shape
2)characteristic oval nucleus
3)long, slender bipolar cytoplasmic processes.
4)Mitotic figures are scarce
5)low mitotic index
BPH
BPH
characterized by
1)hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells
2)formation of large, fairly discrete nodules in the periurethral region of the prostate
3)originates almost exclusively in the inner aspect of the prostate gland, in the transition zone
In nodules with
1)primarily glandular proliferation,
-the tissue is yellow-pink
-soft consistency,
-milky white prostatic fluid oozes out of these areas.
2)fibromuscular involvement
-nodule is pale gray,
-tough,
-does not exude fluid
-less clearly demarcated from the surrounding prostatic capsule.
Microscopically, the hallmark of BPH is
1)nodularity due to glandular proliferation or dilation and to fibrous or muscular proliferation of the stroma
2)foci of squamous metaplasia
3)small areas of infarction
-grow as spherical nodules
-sharply circumscribed
-freely movable in the surrounding breast substance
-vary in size from less than 1 cm in diameter to large tumors that can replace most of the breast.
Grossly, the tumors are
1)well-circumscribed,
2)rubbery,
3)grayish white nodules that bulge above the surrounding tissue
4)contain slitlike spaces.
The stroma
-delicate,
-cellular,
-myxoid,
-resembling intralobular stroma, -enclosing glandular and cystic spaces lined by epithelium.
-The epithelium may be surrounded by stroma or compressed and distorted by it
-In older women, the stroma typically becomes densely hyalinized and the epithelium atrophic
LEIOMYOMA
-sharply circumscribed
-discrete, round, firm,
-gray-white tumors varying in size from small, barely visible nodules to massive tumors that fill the pelvis.
-are found within the myometrium of the corpus
-infrequently do they involve the uterine ligaments, lower uterine segment, or cervix.
-(intramural),
-(submucosal)
-(subserosal).
-characteristic whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles on cut section
-Large tumors may develop areas of yellow-brown to red softening (red degeneration).
histologic examination,
-composed of whorled bundles of smooth muscle cells that resemble the uninvolved myometrium
-individual muscle cells are
1)uniform in size and shape
2)characteristic oval nucleus
3)long, slender bipolar cytoplasmic processes.
4)Mitotic figures are scarce
5)low mitotic index
BPH
BPH
characterized by
1)hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells
2)formation of large, fairly discrete nodules in the periurethral region of the prostate
3)originates almost exclusively in the inner aspect of the prostate gland, in the transition zone
In nodules with
1)primarily glandular proliferation,
-the tissue is yellow-pink
-soft consistency,
-milky white prostatic fluid oozes out of these areas.
2)fibromuscular involvement
-nodule is pale gray,
-tough,
-does not exude fluid
-less clearly demarcated from the surrounding prostatic capsule.
Microscopically, the hallmark of BPH is
1)nodularity due to glandular proliferation or dilation and to fibrous or muscular proliferation of the stroma
2)foci of squamous metaplasia
3)small areas of infarction
Apr 6, 2012
Histopathology slides - Mucinous tumour of ovary
Mucinous tumours of ovary
Mucinous tumours of the ovary may be benign or malignant. The benign cystadenoma has a characteristically smooth outer surface composed of the ovarian capsule. The cystic locules are filled with mucin and lined by tall columnar epithelium with uniform basal nuclei and copious mucin-containing cytoplasm at the luminal aspect. These cells are thought to resemble endocervical epithelial cells.
The malignant variant, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, is less common. The tumou is more solid, with smaller cystic spaces. The cells are usually recognisably columnar, but the nuclei are larger and more pleomorphic. The cells are crowded and show increased mitotic activity. Evidence of malignancy is usually demonstrated by invasion of tumour cells into the supporting stroma.
Some mucinous tumours show many of the cytological features of mucinous adenocarcinoma without actual invasion of the stroma. These are called borderline or atypically proliferating mucinous tumours and their prognosis is better than for overtly malignant tumours.
[P/S: you gave me so many pictures of mucinous tumour, what for la... =.=]
Mucinous tumours of the ovary may be benign or malignant. The benign cystadenoma has a characteristically smooth outer surface composed of the ovarian capsule. The cystic locules are filled with mucin and lined by tall columnar epithelium with uniform basal nuclei and copious mucin-containing cytoplasm at the luminal aspect. These cells are thought to resemble endocervical epithelial cells.
The malignant variant, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, is less common. The tumou is more solid, with smaller cystic spaces. The cells are usually recognisably columnar, but the nuclei are larger and more pleomorphic. The cells are crowded and show increased mitotic activity. Evidence of malignancy is usually demonstrated by invasion of tumour cells into the supporting stroma.
Some mucinous tumours show many of the cytological features of mucinous adenocarcinoma without actual invasion of the stroma. These are called borderline or atypically proliferating mucinous tumours and their prognosis is better than for overtly malignant tumours.
[P/S: you gave me so many pictures of mucinous tumour, what for la... =.=]
Apr 3, 2012
Feb 18, 2012
Acute lower central (hypogastric) abdominal pain
Taken from Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis
Acute lower central (hypogastric) abdominal pain
Examination of the abdomen may provide better leads.
Initial investigations:
FBC, U&E, CXR, AXR
other tests in bold below
Jan 7, 2012
Jan 4, 2012
Jan 2, 2012
Peritonitis
Chemical peritonitis
On the recess things..do take note of this awesome Semi fowler position
Fluid collection? (depend on orientation)
In female - Pouch of douglas
In male - Recto-vesical pouch
Type of adhesion?
Fibrinous vs Fibrous
mesentric lymphadenitis
Drugs and association with reflex tachycardia (that is exactly why we need polypharmacy)
-Hydralazine(areteriolar)
-isosorbide dinitrate (venodilator)
-nitroglycerin (also positive inotropic)
-nefidipine
-phenoxybenzamine
-Alpha adrenoceptor blocker (promethazine)
Some revision
-WPWS and Torsade de pointes
-Tetralogy of Fallot (i take it from here ) also here
how to remember?
PROVe
-Pulmonary Stenosis
-RVH
-Overriding aorta
-VSD
On the recess things..do take note of this awesome Semi fowler position
Fluid collection? (depend on orientation)
In female - Pouch of douglas
In male - Recto-vesical pouch
Type of adhesion?
Fibrinous vs Fibrous
mesentric lymphadenitis
Drugs and association with reflex tachycardia (that is exactly why we need polypharmacy)
-Hydralazine(areteriolar)
-isosorbide dinitrate (venodilator)
-nitroglycerin (also positive inotropic)
-nefidipine
-phenoxybenzamine
-Alpha adrenoceptor blocker (promethazine)
Some revision
-WPWS and Torsade de pointes
-Tetralogy of Fallot (i take it from here ) also here
how to remember?
PROVe
-Pulmonary Stenosis
-RVH
-Overriding aorta
-VSD
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